Introduction

J. Michael Mahoney

Prof. Dr. Fawaz A. Gerges

Question 1

Gerges

How do you explain the fact that other researchers have not examined the subject of the bearded lady?

Mahoney

Frankly, it is amazing to me that schizophrenia has not been generally and decisively linked to the bearded lady syndrome, except in isolated cases. A handful of investigators, notably Dr. Edward J. Kempf (see quotation 001 herein) has certainly made note of this phenomenon in mental illness, but the writings of others on the subject have not been extensive enough to make an indelible impression on the general public, nor, for that matter, even on the psychiatric profession. Theories are a dime-a-dozen, so to speak, and one has to gather an overwhelming amount of evidence to convince people of a theory's correctness, which so far no one else has done in this particular case. Darwin's theory of evolution could have been stated quite simply in a few pages, yet, after developing his theory, he had to spend the remainder of his life documenting it extensively in such books as On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man.

The bearded lady syndrome in mental illness has been observed by many, yet no one has really been able to distinguish the forest from the trees; that is, the general applicability of the theory to all cases of mental illness and not just the few being observed at any one moment.

My favorite quotation (from Otto Fenichel's The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis) I think explains this investigative blindness: "And the hero who solves every riddle must have been wise not so much because of his intelligence, but because his emotional freedom, unhindered by repression, enabled him to recognize the hidden truth." Unfortunately, many investigators are still hindered by their own repressions, varying both in strength and depth. These repressions can be the result of both religious and personal problems which have never been satisfactorily resolved. The purpose of Freud's Psycho-Analysis is to resolve and dissipate these repressions, but how many people have been psycho-analyzed? If an investigator has issues with his own bearded-lady self, which he (or she) has never satisfactorily come to terms with, the ambivalence caused by this repression will make it much more difficult to recognize this conflict in others.

Charles Darwin, in his autobiography edited by his granddaughter, Nora Barlow, put it another way. He was explaining how easy it is to ignore phenomena, even though they are plainly visible, if you do not know what you are looking for. "On this tour," he wrote, "I had a striking instance how easy it is to overlook phenomena, however conspicuous, before they are observed by anyone. We spent many hours in Cwm Idwal, examining all the rocks with extreme care, as Sedgwick was anxious to find fossils in them; but neither of us saw a trace of the wonderful glacial phenomena all around us; we did not notice the plainly scored rocks, the perched boulders, the lateral and terminal moraines. Yet these phenomena are so conspicuous that, as I declared in a paper published many years afterwards in the Philosophical Magazine, a house burnt down by fire did not tell its story more plainly than did this valley. If it had been filled by a glacier, the phenomena would have been less distinct than they are now."

The same holds true for the bearded lady syndrome. Its phenomena are so obvious in every case of mental illness/schizophrenia, if one knows what to look for, that, as Darwin so strikingly put it, "a house burnt down by fire did not tell its story more plainly than did this valley."

Nowadays, of course, academic psychiatry is preaching a so-called bio-chemical theory of schizophrenia, namely, that the disease is caused by certain chemical imbalances in the brain and that the cure lies in somehow correcting these imbalances through drugs and other physiological treatments. The drugs in use today, however, are merely band-aids covering the basic pathogen, i.e., the severe bisexual conflict of the bearded lady syndrome. Drugs can be useful in certain cases to stabilize the patient to the extent that he or she can begin psychotherapy. If psychotherapy is not undertaken then the drugs truly remain nothing but band-aids, or chemical straight-jackets, and the bisexual conflict pathogen itself is never resolved, forcing the patient to remain on drugs for the remainder of his or her life. The vast majority of these drugs greatly diminish the sexual drive and of course this aids in eliminating much of the toxic effect of the undischarged homosexual libido, thereby substantially reducing the symptoms of the mental illness.

The only true cure for schizophrenia is long-term psychotherapy wherein the afflicted person can finally come to terms with his or her intense bisexual conflict and resolve it satisfactorily by either accepting one's homosexuality or else maturing into heterosexuality.

Question 2

Gerges

What would be the major criticisms of your work by scholars who are opposed to Freudian methodology and how would you critically respond to them?

Mahoney

Freud's most important contribution to this work lies in his interpretation of Daniel Paul Schreber's psychotic illness which he so brilliantly expounds in his case study based on Schreber's autobiographical account, entitled Memoirs of My Nervous Illness. It was in this case study of Schreber's illness that Freud first promulgated the theory of paranoia as being caused by repressed homosexual wishes and drives, "perhaps invariably."

This was a revolutionary interpretation of paranoia. Unfortunately, Freud did not believe that this revolutionary formulation carried over into an understanding of "that far more comprehensive disorder, dementia praecox," the original name of the illness we now speak of as "schizophrenia." In reality, however, paranoia and schizophrenia are one and the same "disease," and if repressed homosexual tendencies and desires are the cause of paranoia, which they are, then they must also play a similar, basic pathogenic role in schizophrenia.

It would be impossible to have a dialogue with other "scholars and experts" who have studied Schreber's Memoirs of My Nervous Illness and thereafter failed to reach the same conclusions as did Freud from their reading of the case. There must be a common basis of understanding in the development of any theoretical construct, and the so-called "Schreber case" provides that common basis for an understanding of Schizophrenia: The Bearded Lady Disease. In short, if one does not believe in Freud's formulation that repressed homosexuality is "perhaps invariably" the basic pathogen in "paranoia," then there can be no understanding of this work. Freud's simple but brilliant theory of paranoia developed in the Schreber case gives us the key to understanding all mental illness.

In truth, however, this work is not about Dr. Freud or Dr. Edward J. Kempf or anyone else. It is about the overwhelming amount of evidence presented in the 639 [790] quotations contained herein, evidence which points unfailingly to the basic pathogenic role of bisexual conflict and confusion in the genesis of mental illness. As Charles Darwin wrote in his autobiography, "Nothing before had ever made me thoroughly realize, though I had read various scientific books, that science consists in grouping facts so that general laws or conclusions may be drawn from them." This book consists of a grouping of "facts," the 639 [790] quotations, and from these facts a general law or conclusion has been drawn about the etiology of schizophrenia and of mental illness in general. This general law would be valid even without the input of Freud, for the thing speaks for itself - res ipsa loquitur. It stands or falls on its own, and whether "scholars and experts" agree or disagree with the theories of Sigmund Freud, or of any other investigator, is completely irrelevant to the truth and validity to be found in the 639 [790] quotations in this book.

Question 3

Gerges

What are the shortcomings and weaknesses of the current scholarship on mental illness? And how can you remedy those shortcomings?

Mahoney

The profound wisdom contained in a statement made by the distinguished American documentary film producer, Mr. Ken Burns, I believe aptly answers this question. "The great arrogance of the present," he said, "is to forget the intelligence of the past." Nowhere does this truth have more validity than in the current approach to the investigation of mental illness. "The intelligence of the past" has been almost totally forgotten, or woefully ignored, and the entire emphasis on research today seems to be in the field of bio-chemistry. Mental illness, we are told by the present-day "experts", is caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, which, with the right drugs, can be cured or greatly relieved. Thus the immense wisdom of the past masters of psychology and psychiatry is ignored. Freud is said to have been well-meaning but completely misguided in his theories and assumptions. Harry Stack Sullivan, who probably knew more about schizophrenia as it pertains to males than anyone who ever lived, is hardly ever mentioned at all in the present-day literature, devoted as it is to the latest "discoveries" in the biochemical field. Edward J. Kempf, Theodore Lidz, Harold F. Searles, Lewis B. Hill, and Maurits Katan, all brilliant clinicians and theoreticians, are likewise largely ignored. And how many of the crop of current investigators have read Daniel Paul Schreber's Memoirs of My Nervous Illness? Or have read Freud's case history based upon it wherein he outlines for the first time his brilliant theory of paranoia, the name the Greeks used to include all the various symptoms of mental illness?

Severe bisexual conflict and confusion was discovered to be the cause of schizophrenia over fifty years ago by Dr. Edward J. Kempf and others, but since the truth contained in this theory was unpalatable, it was ignored and others put in its place. But there can only be one theoretical "truth" to solve a particular problem and, consequently, all other theories dealing with mental illness which have ignored this basic truth must, of necessity, be fatally flawed.

The sole purpose in compiling Schizophrenia: The Bearded Lady Disease was to bring so much evidence to bear upon the validity of Kempf's original formulation - that schizophrenia is invariably caused by severe bisexual conflict and confusion (not only schizophrenia, but all mental illness, schizophrenia being but its end-stage) - that it would be impossible to continue to ignore these findings which were originally made so long ago.

Recently I read a small item in the local newspaper which I will quote in full, as it pertains directly to the point I am trying to make here. "For two years, my sister with schizophrenia lived on the California streets with her 10-year-old son. The family could do nothing; it was her right to wander in delusion. Then, without warning, the untreated symptoms of her illness caused her to dress her son as a woman and herself in battle fatigues, ride 60 miles in a taxi and kill our 78-year-old-mother. (San Francisco Chronicle, March 26, 2001, p. A24, by "A reader from Long Beach")."

Besides the obvious point that the woman's 10-year-old son should have been protected by the authorities from his delusional mother, the bisexual conflict and confusion always present in mental illness is glaringly obvious in this case - the son having been changed into a female and the mother into a male in the mother's paranoid schizophrenic thinking.

Thus the "remedy" for the present "shortcomings" in the current investigations of mental illness is for everyone involved to go back to school, so-to-speak, and do their "homework" - that is, read, or reread the great psychiatrists and psychologists of the past who have basically already solved the problem of mental illness, if only someone would pay attention to what they said and wrote, and to study their theoretical and clinical output thoroughly and intensely and with an open mind, hopefully unhindered by their own repressions and scotomas. And, if I may modestly add, a good place for an investigator to begin this study would be to read the following work, consisting of 639 [790] quotations all dealing with the problem of mental illness and its etiology in bisexual conflict and confusion, stemming from the early sex-role alienation in the child later to become schizophrenic, or mentally ill.

Question 4

Gerges

In light of the existing shortcomings and weaknesses in the scholarship on mental illness, does your work fill some of the gaps? What is the importance of your research, and how original is it?

Mahoney

My "scholarship" consists mainly in the gathering together of a huge volume of evidence pointing to the truth of a single hypothesis - namely, that schizophrenia and all mental illness is basically the result of bisexual conflict and confusion which begins at an early age with sex-role alienation in the child who is later to become mentally ill. This etiology is present in every one of the cases presented in this book and could be shown to be the same in all cases everywhere, regardless of time, place, age or gender of the afflicted person. Or again, in the words of that great American psycho-analyst, Dr. Edward J. Kempf: "More than thirty years of intensive investigation of these problems permits me to make the general statement that in man every case of emotional neurosis or psychosis is the result of more or less conflict and confusion involving bisexual differentiation."... "Dementing schizophrenia is essentially a regression to the cloacal level of hermaphrodism. I am quite sure that it would be easy to demonstrate these factors in any case and often within an hour of investigation."

The sole purpose of my own "scholarship" is to give added weight to Dr. Kempf's hypothesis, to the point that it should be impossible to argue with its truthfulness, like it or not.

I began the research which culminated in Schizophrenia: The Bearded Lady Disease, in 1966 and am still engaged in it. Actually, it is impossible to escape from it because once you become aware of such a powerful natural law and its impact upon the human condition, you apply that law and look for its effects upon everything and everyone around you and in everything you do - both intellectually and emotionally. A truth once discovered can no longer be hidden or ignored and it is the primary purpose of this book to make this universal truth as widely known as possible. This knowledge can help people better understand themselves and others and also recognize that because of a general ignorance of this powerful law of nature, terrible crimes have been perpetuated upon mankind by rulers and others who have been driven insane, or paranoid schizophrenic, by their severe bisexual conflict and confusion. This includes, unfortunately, the maniacal terrorists of today who are inflicting immense suffering and tragedy upon the world.

My research is original only in the sense that I have devoted an extraordinary amount of time gathering evidence to prove this one basic hypothesis. Dr. Edward J. Kempf also stated this same hypothesis, but did not spend his entire life gathering evidence to prove it, case by case, under one cover as is done here. I had come to my own conclusions independently before I had ever heard of Dr. Kempf, and was both amazed and stunned when I first came by chance upon his short paper entitled "Bisexual Factors in Curable Schizophrenia." Why, I wondered then, was this truth not by now an established fact? The only answer I could surmise was that theories are ubiquitous, and in order to have one generally accepted, it required the gathering of such an overwhelming amount of evidence as to its truthfulness that it could no longer be ignored, much as Charles Darwin had done with his theory of evolution. Darwin's theory is basically a simple and straightforward one, which could have been explained in a few pages, but he had to devote the remainder of his life to writing On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man to consolidate and validate it. He did this by providing multitudinous examples of its accuracy.

This, in a very small way, is what I have tried to do with Schizophrenia: The Bearded Lady Disease - provide so much evidence of the truthfulness of the theory first promulgated by Dr. Edward J. Kempf in his short paper, "Bisexual Factors in Curable Schizophrenia," that, as I said in my Statement of Purpose, even the most stubborn doubter would have a difficult time ignoring the evidence (though, of course, there are those who do and always will ignore or deny evidence which displeases them, no matter how compelling it might be, as Charles Darwin learned only too well).

In short, what I have tried to do is add more flesh to the bare bones of Dr. Kempf's theory as outlined in the paper mentioned above, so that the world will sit up and take proper notice of it, to the world's benefit rather than to its detriment, as is now the case due to a general ignorance of it.

Question 5

Gerges

Does the evidence you provide go beyond the contributions of Sigmund Freud and Edward J. Kempf?

Mahoney

It has always been my opinion that Freud went 99 percent of the way towards bringing us out of the dark ages of psychology and into the light of reason and truth, only to fail to take that last all-important step when he made the grievous error of considering paranoia to be a separate entity from schizophrenia proper. We now know, of course, that the repressed homosexual tendencies which Freud discovered are "perhaps invariably" the cause of paranoia, must, therefore, play the same primary etiological role in schizophrenia.

Why was Freud unable to see that paranoia and schizophrenia were basically one "disease" entity and not separate from each other? The only reason which makes sense to me stems from his turbulent relationship with Dr. Wilhelm Fliess of Berlin, who had been at one time Freud's closest confidant and the man who first acquainted him with the concept of man's innate bisexuality and its great importance in the etiology of the neuroses and psychoses. Freud and Fliess later became bitter enemies when Fliess accused Freud of stealing his concept of bisexuality and incorporating it into his writings without giving Fliess due credit for having introduced him to it originally. Thus, for Freud to have completed his brilliant theory of psycho-analysis by stating that bisexual conflict is at the core of all psychogenetic, or functional, mental illness would have been to admit that his entire life's work basically added up to what his former great friend and later bitter enemy, Wilhelm Fliess, had told him so many years before. This I believe Freud could never do, whether consciously or unconsciously, and this is what I think caused him to veer off the track in his otherwise brilliant analysis of paranoia in the Schreber case, with the consequent derailment of his entire theoretical work in the field of the neuroses and psychoses and his subsequent emphasis on the role which the so-called "death instinct" plays in their etiology, a theory which has never been well received by even the most fervent "Freudian" psycho-analysts.

In the case of Dr. Kempf, no one has ever surpassed his brilliant theoretical and clinical work in the field of mental illness. Besides Daniel Paul Schreber's analysis of his own psychosis in his Memoirs of My Nervous Illness, on which Freud based his seminal study of paranoia, no more important book in the field of psychology and psychiatry has ever been written than Dr. Kempf's Psychopathology, first published in 1920. For anyone interested in the field of mental illness, these two books, with special emphasis on Kempf's Psychopathology, are required reading.

Many cases from Psychopathology have been quoted in Schizophrenia: The Bearded Lady Disease and in fact this latter work is no more than a pallid extension of the former. No one has ever really "gone beyond" Dr. Kempf, and in fact the great majority of investigators in the field have never even caught up with him. This great work was out of print for many years but fortunately was finally put back into circulation several years ago.

Kempf tells the tale that he was so convinced of the correctness of his observations concerning the vital importance of bisexual factors in the etiology of the neuroses and psychoses that he undertook a trip to Vienna where he had an audience with Dr. Freud. According to Kempf, Freud was very polite, but noncommittal, basically telling Kempf to keep up the excellent work he was doing, but not otherwise validating his findings.

Thus only Dr. Edward J. Kempf has "gone beyond" Freud, and no one has "gone beyond" Dr. Kempf. The truth is the truth and it is very hard to embellish it once you have found it.

One other brilliant investigator should be mentioned here, along with Freud and Kempf, and that is Dr. Maurits Katan, who has uncovered the energy source which fuels the hallucinations, both audio and visual, which bedevil the psychotic person. According to Dr. Katan, this energy source is none other than the repressed homosexual excitement which, frustrated and diverted from its natural genital orgasmic path, expends itself by the process of conversion into the visual hallucinations and voices experienced by the psychotic. Nature, frustrated at one level, searches out and finds another. Thus is the repressed sexual excitement drained off, allowing the organism (person) to reach some kind of physiological stability until that excitement builds up once more, whereupon the same process is repeated, ad infinitum, or until psychotropic drugs neutralize the sexual excitement. Dr. Katan can, in this regard, be credited with having "gone beyond" Dr. Kempf, if only by explaining the mechanics of how the actual symptoms in the psychoses arise.

Question 6

Gerges

Why have you chosen this methodology of using hundreds of direct quotations to prove your hypothesis rather than analyzing the materials making your case?

Mahoney

I chose this methodology because I thought it would be the best way to present the overwhelming amount of evidence I had gathered over a thirty-five year period to prove the hypothesis, as first stated by Dr. Edward J. Kempf, that severe bisexual conflict and confusion lies at the etiological core of all functional mental illness, up to and including the most severe forms of schizophrenia. To attempt to put this overwhelming amount of material in regular book form seemed, in my opinion, to be like trying to put the proverbial camel through the eye of the needle. The material was just too vast to attempt that task. Dr. Kempf came close to accomplishing that feat in his book Psychopathology, as did Charles Darwin in his On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man. In this case, I determined that the most effective way to present such an overwhelming amount of evidence would be to let that evidence speak for itself, with minimum commentary from me. The truth of the matter is that regardless of the quantity or quality of the proof of an hypothesis which is presented by a researcher, there will always be those who deny it. This has held true both in Dr. Kempf's case and also in Charles Darwin's. The great and irrefutable laws of nature discovered by them are still not accepted as fact by the majority of mankind. Many people specializing in the field of psychology and psychiatry have either never heard of Dr. Kempf or, if they have, they have ignored his findings, considering them outdated and not relevant in this era of heavy emphasis on mental illness as being a "disease of the brain" best treated by drugs and not by psychotherapy.

In short, today the mentally ill are considered not so much emotionally disturbed as suffering from a so-called chemical imbalance of the brain, and supposedly only the use of drugs can cure or alleviate this chemical imbalance. Just one reading of Dr. Kempf's Psychopathology would quickly cure any non-biased reader of this erroneous and harmful assumption, just as I hope any one reading of Schizophrenia: The Bearded Lady Disease, with its 639 [790] quotations demonstrating the invariable pathological role of bisexual conflict and confusion in every case of mental illness, will do likewise.

That bisexual conflict and confusion is invariably the basic etiological factor in all mental illness is one of the great and as yet unacknowledged laws of nature, and if we continue to ignore this law we do so at our own peril. This law and the truth contained therein affects each of us in a direct and powerful manner, and through us the world at large. It has done so with disastrous consequences in the past and in the present, and will continue to do so in the future unless we gain a thorough understanding of its mechanisms and find the tools with which to neutralize its baleful effects.

Question 7

Gerges

Why are publishers reluctant to publish your work? What explains their ambivalence? Does it have to do with your thesis or the nature of your work?

Mahoney

Schizophrenia: The Bearded Lady Disease is obviously a work produced in a very unorthodox fashion. It is a collection of 639 [790] quotations, each followed by editorial comment, the sum of which is meant to prove what today would be considered a very controversial thesis, namely, that the condition we call "schizophrenia" invariably is caused by severe bisexual conflict and confusion.

Thus, from a publisher's point of view, the content of this work is not only highly controversial, but is also constructed in a fashion perhaps unique in the annals of publishing. These factors, I believe, would explain a publisher's refusal to produce it. (As to a publisher's "ambivalence," one of the outstanding symptoms of schizophrenia is ambivalence itself, running the gamut from "normal" ambivalence to ambivalence of psychotic proportions.)

Finally, there is the natural human tendency to shy away from truths which cause discomfort or which counter general opinion and belief. Furthermore, this work is not one which reads easily. It requires diligence and concentration to study it. To read it carefully from cover to cover requires much time, thought and energy and, most important of all, an intense interest in the subject. All these factors would reduce the potential pool of readers, and any potential publisher would be well aware of these facts and forced to take them into consideration before making any publishing decisions.

Publishers publish books to make money. If a manuscript does not show any financial potential, it most likely will not be published by a commercial publisher. This leaves but one route for the person to travel who has produced a controversial manuscript which shows little earning potential, and that is to self-publish. It is encouraging to know that this route is still open to those who feel strongly that they have something to say, but have no other way to get their message out.

Question 8

Gerges

What do you want the reader to get out of this manuscript?

Mahoney

In the dedication to this manuscript, I quote the poignant plea expressed by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the American writer, wherein he seeks understanding of how his life and that of his wife, Zelda, could have started so well and ended so badly. "It's just that we don't understand what's the matter," he writes. "Why did we lose peace and love and health, one after the other? If we knew, if there was anybody to tell us, I believe we could try. I'd try so hard."

Enough information is contained in this manuscript to answer that heartfelt question. For both Scott and Zelda suffered from the bearded lady disease, schizophrenia. I have pointed this out in some quotations directly pertaining to both of them. They were each afflicted with severe bisexual conflict and resultant gender confusion, as is easily discernable from their life histories. Scott fought his schizophrenia by medicating himself with alcohol, while Zelda became overtly psychotic and had to be institutionalized. I would like to think that if Scott had been given the opportunity to read this manuscript, he would have understood it and thus found the answer to the question he posed above: "Why did we lose peace and love and health one after the other?"

There have been millions of Scotts and Zeldas who have lost peace and love and health, one after the other, for exactly the same reason Scott and Zelda did. "If we knew, if there was anybody to tell us," pleads Scott. The purpose of this manuscript is to tell Scott and everyone else suffering from mental illness why they are ill and the truths they must face before they can get well, no matter how unpalatable they may be.

The mentally ill are different from the rest of us so-called normal persons only to the degree that their bisexual conflict is more severe. For we are all afflicted with some degree of bisexual conflict due to our sexually unnatural upbringing - unnatural because we have not been allowed the full sexual freedom from infancy onwards which is enjoyed by all other species including our closest cousins, the primates. Because of the sexual restrictions imposed on us by society and culture, we have all been sexually crippled to a greater or lesser extent and, consequently, our innate bisexual tendencies, present in all mammals, have been unnaturally strengthened, leading to the bisexual conflict and confusion which are always to be found at the root of mental illness.

Finally, I would like to hope that anyone who took the time to read through this manuscript thoroughly would be able to feel a great sense of intellectual excitement and wonder at seeing unfold before their eyes one of the most powerful, immutable laws of nature, a law which has been generally ignored by mankind, greatly to its detriment. This law, of course, is the law which holds that whenever man has a conflict between his male and female sides, or his homosexual and heterosexual self, mental illness, to a greater or lesser extent depending upon the severity of the actual conflict, invariably and inevitably ensues. Once one is aware of this natural law, the scales fall from one's eyes when it comes to examining every case of mental illness, for this law is operative, as all general laws of nature must be, always, in each case, without exception. If there were exceptions then it could no longer be called a general law, but of course in this case there are none.

The workings of this law are at times more obvious than at others, but if one looks deeply enough and has gathered enough information on a case, it can always be seen at work. Paranoia is a good example of this conflict being less obvious than usual, with its delusions of persecution and grandiosity, etc., but Sigmund Freud brilliantly uncovered the workings of this general law in his famous case study of Daniel Paul Schreber, who was severely afflicted with paranoid schizophrenia.

With the insight and knowledge gained from this manuscript, the reader should never be able to look at the world in the same way again. A much better understanding of one's self and others should occur, to the benefit of all mankind. That is my hope.

J. MICHAEL MAHONEY. Upon graduation from college in 1952, the author/compiler worked briefly for the federal government before spending four years in the Air Force. Thereafter, he began work as a journalist, first in Ohio and then Georgia, with a two-year hiatus as a foreign correspondent in Africa. It was while working as a journalist in Georgia that he developed his abiding interest in psychology, having been assigned to do some reporting in that field.

Fortunate circumstances enabled him to take early retirement, and he has devoted his full attention since 1966 to doing research that has led to the publication of Schizophrenia: The Bearded Lady Disease. Mr. Mahoney is also the author of the poem XCIRCUM.

He presently lives in Northern California, and has three children and five grandchildren.

Prof. Dr. FAWAZ A. GERGES earned an M.Sci., London School of Economics and a D.Phil., Oxford University. He holds the Christian A. Johnson Chair in International Affairs and Middle Eastern Studies. Senior analyst and regular commentator for ABC Television News. He is also a commentator for "Morning Edition," NPR. He appeared on many television and radio networks throughout the world, including CNN, CBS, NPR, the BBC and, Al Jazeera. Taught at Oxford, Harvard, and Columbia universities and was a research fellow at Princeton University for two years. Has won several academic awards, one of which is an 18-month MacArthur fellowship. Special interests: Islam and the political process, fringe Islamist (jihadist) movements, Arab politics, American foreign policy in the Middle East, the modern history of the Middle East, history of conflict, diplomacy and foreign policy, historical sociology, and international relations. Spent several years conducting field research on relations between the Islamists, jihadists and the West, particularly the United States, in several Middle Eastern countries. Author of the forthcoming: The Jihadis: Unholy Warriors (Harcourt Press, fall 2005), and The Road to 9/11 (Cambridge University Press, Sept. 2005). His books include the following: America and Political Islam: Clash of Interests or Clash of Cultures? (Cambridge University Press, 1999); The Superpowers and the Middle East: Regional and International Politics, 1955-1967 (Oxford and Westview Press, 1994); The Clinton Administration's Approach Toward Islamist Movements (The Council on Foreign Relations: New York, 1999), and The Far Enemy - Why Jihad Went Global (Cambridge University Press, 2005). Articles and essays have appeared in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, Survival, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Los Angeles Times, The Christian Science Monitor, The International Herald Tribune, The Baltimore Sun, The Nation, Harvard Journal of World Affairs, The Oxford International Review, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, The Middle East Journal, The Beirut Review, Al-Mustaqbal Al-Arabi, Al Hayat, Al-Safir, Al-Nahar, Al-Mustaqbal, and in other journals and anthologies.